The Pressure And Release Model (Par) Is A Useful Model For Understanding How Social-Economic And Cultural Forces Create Vulnerable Conditions (Etkin, 2016).

The pressure and release model (par) is a useful model for understanding how social-economic and cultural forces create vulnerable conditions (etkin, 2016).The student must post 2 replies of at least 200 words. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include the textbook, peer-reviewed journal articles, the Bible, and government (.gov) websites).Reply 1: Whitney Presbitero: The role of science within emergency management can take many different forms. According to Sylves (2019), the influence and evolution of technology cause emergency management to grow into “an intellectual, scientific, and engineering enterprise” (p. 184). With better science and technology, the research that goes into emergency management will also grow and evolve. Emergency management research can include researching hazards and other disasters such as “meteorology, seismology, and physical geography but also in the building sciences, climate change research, and environmental science” (Sylves, 2019, p. 184). Understanding and knowing more about hazards and other disasters will allow emergency management agencies to apply each of the four phases more efficiently. A better understanding of disasters and hazards means that mitigation efforts can be better by reducing risks efficiently, preparedness plans can allow for better emergency preparation plans, and the response and recovery phases to these disasters can be quicker and more impactful.The research on disasters and hazards also helps emergency management get funding from policymakers (Sylves, 2019, p. 185). Researching hazards and disasters are researched differently than most research projects as it involves dangerous situations. Funding is required to conduct some hazard and disaster research projects due to the prices of the technology that must be used such as the technology used for studying the ocean and hurricanes (Sylves, 2019, p. 185). With funding, researchers and scientists are able to acquire more data for the use of making appropriate policies and laws for the four phases of emergency management.Not only does science and technology give rise to more research on hazards and disasters but it also helps create different disaster services, businesses, and organizations (Sylves, 2019, p. 184). Some businesses that can benefit from science and technology are hardware and home improvement stores like Home Depot and Lowe’s and in turn, emergencies services benefit from these stores because they fulfill the needs of post-disaster customers who are recovering from a hazard or disaster (Sylves, 2019, p. 184).Science and technology also play an important role for first responders and other disaster responders (Sylves, 2019, p. 192). According to Sylves (2019), he states that first responder groups have different specialized training and equipment (p. 192). Science and research allow these first responders to have adequate knowledge about how to approach different disasters and emergencies and help develop appropriate policies and procedures. Policymakers also make establish laws and programs to help facilitate emergency responses to different disasters (Sylves, 2019, p. 192).Overall, science and technology play very important roles in different areas of emergency management. It is an integral part of the research of hazards and other disasters. This research can lead to a better understanding of the disaster, more efficient mitigation efforts, better preparation plans, swift response and recovery phases, and the establishment of more laws, policies, and programs for emergencies. Science also played a big role in the rise of emergency services and other organizations that assist in emergencies such as Home Depot and Lowe’s. These agencies and organizations help with different phases of emergency management.In my opinion, I think that research about different hazards and disasters is one of the most important and useful tools for emergency management. If we do not know anything about the possible threats or hazards, then how are we supposed to mitigate, prepare, respond, and recover from them? In essence, research is just one way of collecting intelligence and with that intelligence policymakers and other officials can make appropriate laws and policies for certain situations. Research into hazards and disasters can not only improve the four phases of emergency management for everyday emergencies but it can also help improve these phases for terrorist emergencies. As we discussed in a previous discussion post, different hazard resources can be dual-used for different emergencies.From a biblical perspective, Proverbs 18:15 states “[a]n intelligent heart acquires knowledge, and the ear of the wise seeks knowledge.” There are multiple verses in the Bible that express the importance of being knowledgeable and wise. Especially in our society and age, knowledge and accurate information are extremely important to use to combat the trials the devil may throw at us. Using science and technology allows us to acquire information and knowledge so we may live our lives better and better prepare for tribulations. While some people think that science and God do not go hand-in-hand, it is quite the opposite. God is the creator of this world and knows the science of this world. Science does not contradict God, for He made the world and knows exactly the science of all things.ReferencesSylves, R. T. (2019). Disaster Policy and Politics (3rd Edition). SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9781506368702 (Links to an external site.)Proverbs 18:15 ESV – Bible Gateway. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2022, from https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs+18%3A15&version=ESVReply 2: Daniel Munchbach: The Science Informing the Policy and Politics of DisastersDr. Shannon McAteer29 September 2022Science and Emergency ManagementSylves (2020) states mitigation is considered by many as the cornerstone of emergency management. Mitigation is the activities that attempt to avoid disaster or minimize negative consequences (McEntire, 2019). Without mitigation steps there would be no tornado shelters in the Midwest, levee systems along the Louisiana coast, or reinforced bridges and structures in California. Emergency managers and leaders across the country are constantly assessing the risks which threaten their geography in search of mitigating methods to address disaster. Mitigation activities and methods apply to both manmade and natural disasters. Two terms which are associated with mitigation and manmade disasters such as terror attacks are prevention and protection (McEntire, 2019). There have been many technological advances in recent decades to assist in the prevention of terror attacks through counterterrorism operations and intelligence gathering. Protection can include increased security or infrastructure protection (McEntire, 2019). Advances in Science and technology have increased opportunities to be better prepared for all types of disaster. Emergency managers and leaders at every level have more tools than ever to assist them in their quest for disaster prevention and preparedness. The science and policies which have become readily available also aid communities during response and recovery operations. Communities across the country preparing for the next manmade or natural disaster now rely on science and much research before implementing plans of mitigation and response.ModelsAn example of a tool used today in the field of emergency management is the disaster model. Science and technology have contributed to the better understanding of disasters, creation of policies, strategies and tactics that minimize the impacts of disaster (Etkin, 2016). The Pressure and Release Model, Comprehensive Emergency Management, and the Incident Command System are just a few examples of tools and models that are commonly used in disaster management. The Pressure and Release Model (PAR) is a useful model for understanding how social-economic and cultural forces create vulnerable conditions (Etkin, 2016). The model demonstrates how disasters occur when hazards interact with vulnerability (Etkin, 2016). Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM), or pillars of emergency management, was developed in the 1980’s and has been accepted as the standard in the field by scholars and practitioners alike. The approach refers to Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery as the four pillars of emergency management. Each pillar or phase represents actions taken to contribute to the reduction of effects a disaster has on a community. Modern developments in science and technology have contributed to the ability to conduct more comprehensive and informed risk management processes in support of mitigation efforts. Science has also contributed to the methods and abilities of organizations to train and prepare for response efforts following disaster. Updated and modern legislation and policies have contributed to a community’s ability to recovery from tragedy and disaster. Finally, the Incident Command System (ICS) was developed to address issues of non-standard terminology among first-responders, non-standard communications, the lack of an organization’s ability to adapt to a situation, lack of consolidated action plans, and lack of designated facilities (Etkin, 2016). The ICS, which is also known nationally as the U.S. National Incident Management System (NIMS), is the standard in the country for emergency management operations (Etkin, 2016). These models and methods have proven successful over time because they have adapted and increased capabilities through modern science, technology, and policy.Modern Science and WeatherCurrently Hurricane Ian is traveling through the Gulf of Mexico toward the western shores of the State of Florida. Due to modern technology and a strong focus on mitigation and preparedness, the residents of the path of Hurricane Ian have had much time to prepare and make important decisions regarding their safety and courses of action. Satellites, reconnaissance aircraft ships, buoys, radar, and many other modern tools were used to track the massive storm (University of Rhode Island, 2020). Due to the ability of weather to radically change at a moment’s notice, models are used to create many scenarios that might occur. The media, emergency management personnel at every level, local leaders, and even storm chasers, all use these models to inform the public of up-to-the-minute possibilities. These models are another tool for residents to consider as they depict other possible dangers or even relief. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Hurricane Center have been holding press conferences sharing specific storm updates and other valuable information. This is another extremely effective tool in support of mitigation and preparedness. Federal Response Centers have been activated across the storm’s potential path in support of any resident who may need more assistance or areas that may need immediate attention. Additionally, the Governor of Florida has already received a pre-landfall emergency declaration from the President to assist with further preparations. This declaration was approved within just a few hours of the request. All of these preparations and advances in technology cannot change the path or timing of the storm, but they can provide communities better opportunities to be prepared and more equipped to make smart decisions.Biblical Reference“Fear not, for I am with you; be not dismayed, for I am your God; I will strengthen you, I will help you, I will uphold you with my righteous right hand (English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Isaiah 41:10).” Our thoughts and prayers are with the residents and communities who are currently in the path of Hurricane Ian.ReferencesSylves, R. (2020). Disaster Policy & Politics. Emergency Management and HomelandSecurity. 3rd Edition. Sage.McEntire, D. (2019). Introduction to Homeland Security. Understanding Terrorism Preventionand Emergency Management. Second Edition. Wiley.Etkin, D. (2016). Disaster Theory. Disaster Models. Butterworth-Heinemann.University of Rhode Island. (2020). Hurricanes: Science and Society.http://www.hurricanescience.org/science/forecast/forecasting/forecastprocess/English Standard Version Bible. (2001). ESV Online. https://esv.literalword.com/Unformatted previewThe pressure and release model (par) is a useful model for understanding how social-economic and cultural forces create vulnerable conditions (etkin, 2016).The student must post 2 replies of at least 200 words. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include the textbook, peer-reviewed journal articles, the Bible, and government (.gov) websites).Reply 1: Whitney Presbitero: The role of science within emergency management can take many different forms. According to Sylves (2019), the influence and evolution of technology cause emergency management to grow into “an intellectual, scientific, and engineering enterprise” (p. 184). With better science and technology, the research that goes into emergency management will also grow and evolve. Emergency management research can include researching hazards and other disasters such as “meteorology, seismology, and physical geography but also in the building sciences, climate change research, and environmental science” (Sylves, 2019, p. 184). Understanding and knowing more about hazards and other disasters will allow emergency management agencies to apply each of the four phases more efficiently. A better understanding of disasters and hazards means that mitigation efforts can be better by reducing risks efficiently, preparedness plans can allow for better emergency preparation plans, and the response and recovery phases to these disasters can be quicker and more impactful.The research on disasters and hazards also helps emergency management get funding from policymakers (Sylves, 2019, p. 185). Researching hazards and disasters are researched differently than most research projects as it involves dangerous situations. Funding is required to conduct some hazard and disaster research projects due to the prices of the technology that must be used such as the technology used for studying the ocean and hurricanes (Sylves, 2019, p. 185). With funding, researchers and scientists are able to acquire more data for the use of making appropriate policies and laws for the four phases of emergency management.Not only does science and technology give rise to more research on hazards and disasters but it also helps create different disaster services, businesses, and organizations (Sylves, 2019, p. 184). Some businesses that can benefit from science and technology are hardware and home improvement stores like Home Depot and Lowe’s and in turn, emergencies services benefit from these stores because they fulfill the needs of post-disaster customers who are recovering from a hazard or disaster (Sylves, 2019, p. 184).Science and technology also play an important role for first responders and other disaster responders (Sylves, 2019, p. 192). According to Sylves (2019), he states that first responder groups have different specialized training and equipment (p. 192). Science and research allow these first responders to have adequate knowledge about how to approach different disasters and emergencies and help develop appropriate policies and procedures. Policymakers also make establish laws and programs to help facilitate emergency responses to different disasters (Sylves, 2019, p. 192).Overall, science and technology play very important roles in different areas of emergency management. It is an integral part of the research of hazards and other disasters. This research can lead to a better understanding of the disaster, more efficient mitigation efforts, better preparation plans, swift response and recovery phases, and the establishment of more laws, policies, and programs for emergencies. Science also played a big role in the rise of emergency services and other organizations that assist in emergencies such as Home Depot and Lowe’s. These agencies and organizations help with different phases of emergency management.In my opinion, I think that research about different hazards and disasters is one of the most important and useful tools for emergency management. If we do not know anything about the possible threats or hazards, then how are we supposed to mitigate, prepare, respond, and recover from them? In essence, research is just one way of collecting intelligence and with that intelligence policymakers and other officials can make appropriate laws and policies for certain situations. Research into hazards and disasters can not only improve the four phases of emergency management for everyday emergencies but it can also help improve these phases for terrorist emergencies. As we discussed in a previous discussion post, different hazard resources can be dual-used for different emergencies.From a biblical perspective, Proverbs 18:15 states “[a]n intelligent heart acquires knowledge, and the ear of the wise seeks knowledge.” There are multiple verses in the Bible that express the importance of being knowledgeable and wise. Especially in our society and age, knowledge and accurate information are extremely important to use to combat the trials the devil may throw at us. Using science and technology allows us to acquire information and knowledge so we may live our lives better and better prepare for tribulations. While some people think that science and God do not go hand-in-hand, it is quite the opposite. God is the creator of this world and knows the science of this world. Science does not contradict God, for He made the world and knows exactly the science of all things.ReferencesSylves, R. T. (2019). Disaster Policy and Politics (3rd Edition). SAGE Publications, Inc. (US). https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9781506368702 (Links to an external site.)Proverbs 18:15 ESV – Bible Gateway. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2022, from https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs+18%3A15&version=ESVReply 2: Daniel Munchbach: The Science Informing the Policy and Politics of DisastersDr. Shannon McAteer29 September 2022Science and Emergency ManagementSylves (2020) states mitigation is considered by many as the cornerstone of emergency management. Mitigation is the activities that attempt to avoid disaster or minimize negative consequences (McEntire, 2019). Without mitigation steps there would be no tornado shelters in the Midwest, levee systems along the Louisiana coast, or reinforced bridges and structures in California. Emergency managers and leaders across the country are constantly assessing the risks which threaten their geography in search of mitigating methods to address disaster. Mitigation activities and methods apply to both manmade and natural disasters. Two terms which are associated with mitigation and manmade disasters such as terror attacks are prevention and protection (McEntire, 2019). There have been many technological advances in recent decades to assist in the prevention of terror attacks through counterterrorism operations and intelligence gathering. Protection can include increased security or infrastructure protection (McEntire, 2019). Advances in Science and technology have increased opportunities to be better prepared for all types of disaster. Emergency managers and leaders at every level have more tools than ever to assist them in their quest for disaster prevention and preparedness. The science and policies which have become readily available also aid communities during response and recovery operations. Communities across the country preparing for the next manmade or natural disaster now rely on science and much research before implementing plans of mitigation and response.ModelsAn example of a tool used today in the field of emergency management is the disaster model. Science and technology have contributed to the better understanding of disasters, creation of policies, strategies and tactics that minimize the impacts of disaster (Etkin, 2016). The Pressure and Release Model, Comprehensive Emergency Management, and the Incident Command System are just a few examples of tools and models that are commonly used in disaster management. The Pressure and Release Model (PAR) is a useful model for understanding how social-economic and cultural forces create vulnerable conditions (Etkin, 2016). The model demonstrates how disasters occur when hazards interact with vulnerability (Etkin, 2016). Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM), or pillars of emergency management, was developed in the 1980’s and has been accepted as the standard in the field by scholars and practitioners alike. The approach refers to Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery as the four pillars of emergency management. Each pillar or phase represents actions taken to contribute to the reduction of effects a disaster has on a community. Modern developments in science and technology have contributed to the ability to conduct more comprehensive and informed risk management processes in support of mitigation efforts. Science has also contributed to the methods and abilities of organizations to train and prepare for response efforts following disaster. Updated and modern legislation and policies have contributed to a community’s ability to recovery from tragedy and disaster. Finally, the Incident Command System (ICS) was developed to address issues of non-standard terminology among first-responders, non-standard communications, the lack of an organization’s ability to adapt to a situation, lack of consolidated action plans, and lack of designated facilities (Etkin, 2016). The ICS, which is also known nationally as the U.S. National Incident Management System (NIMS), is the standard in the country for emergency management operations (Etkin, 2016). These models and methods have proven successful over time because they have adapted and increased capabilities through modern science, technology, and policy.Modern Science and WeatherCurrently Hurricane Ian is traveling through the Gulf of Mexico toward the western shores of the State of Florida. Due to modern technology and a strong focus on mitigation and preparedness, the residents of the path of Hurricane Ian have had much time to prepare and make important decisions regarding their safety and courses of action. Satellites, reconnaissance aircraft ships, buoys, radar, and many other modern tools were used to track the massive storm (University of Rhode Island, 2020). Due to the ability of weather to radically change at a moment’s notice, models are used to create many scenarios that might occur. The media, emergency management personnel at every level, local leaders, and even storm chasers, all use these models to inform the public of up-to-the-minute possibilities. These models are another tool for residents to consider as they depict other possible dangers or even relief. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Hurricane Center have been holding press conferences sharing specific storm updates and other valuable information. This is another extremely effective tool in support of mitigation and preparedness. Federal Response Centers have been activated across the storm’s potential path in support of any resident who may need more assistance or areas that may need immediate attention. Additionally, the Governor of Florida has already received a pre-landfall emergency declaration from the President to assist with further preparations. This declaration was approved within just a few hours of the request. All of these preparations and advances in technology cannot change the path or timing of the storm, but they can provide communities better opportunities to be prepared and more equipped to make smart decisions.Biblical Reference“Fear not, for I am with you; be not dismayed, for I am your God; I will strengthen you, I will help you, I will uphold you with my righteous right hand (English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Isaiah 41:10).” Our thoughts and prayers are with the residents and communities who are currently in the path of Hurricane Ian.ReferencesSylves, R. (2020). Disaster Policy & Politics. Emergency Management and HomelandSecurity. 3rd Edition. Sage.McEntire, D. (2019). Introduction to Homeland Security. Understanding Terrorism Preventionand Emergency Management. Second Edition. Wiley.Etkin, D. (2016). Disaster Theory. Disaster Models. Butterworth-Heinemann.University of Rhode Island. (2020). Hurricanes: Science and Society.http://www.hurricanescience.org/science/forecast/forecasting/forecastprocess/English Standard Version Bible. (2001). ESV Online. https://esv.literalword.com/ Why Choose Us 100% non-plagiarized Papers 24/7 /365 Service Available Affordable Prices Any Paper, Urgency, and Subject Will complete your papers in 6 hours On-time Delivery Money-back and Privacy guarantees Unlimited Amendments upon request Satisfaction guarantee How it Works Click on the “Place Your Order” tab at the top menu or “Order Now” icon at the bottom and a new page will appear with an order form to be filled. Fill in your paper’s requirements in the “PAPER DETAILS” section. Fill in your paper’s academic level, deadline, and the required number of pages from the drop-down menus. Click “CREATE ACCOUNT & SIGN IN” to enter your registration details and get an account with us for record-keeping and then, click on “PROCEED TO CHECKOUT” at the bottom of the page. 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